Panic A panic is aform of collective in which a group of people,face with an immediatethreat,re-act in an uncoordinated and irrational way.Their behavior isuncoordinated

in the sense thatco-operative social relationships and break down.It is irrational in the sensethat people's actions are not appropriate for the goals they wish to achieve.The

progress of a panicfollows a fairly typical course . A sudden crisis occurs;people experi- enceintense fear;normal social expectations are broken;each individual tries

desperately to es-cape from the source of danger;mutual cooperation breaks down;and the situationbecomes even more threatening as a result. Panics are especially likely to

occur in unusualconditions in which everyday norms have little relevance,such asfires,floods,earthquakes or military invasions. Some kind of response isnecessary in these

situations, butthere are few social norms that specify an appropriate reaction.Thus,when apassenger aircraft makes a crash landing people may at-tempt to flee beforefire

breaks out and causean explosion,but there only succeed in stopping themselves and others bycreating bottlenecks at the exits.Awareness of bottlenecks may lead to

increased panic,withpeople fighting and trampling one another in the effort to escape.Despiteintensive training of airline personnel in emergency evacuation procedures,a

high proportion ofpassenger deaths are caused by a panic that prevents people from escaping intime. The most dramatic panics are those that occur in situations of extreme

emergency,but notall panics are quite so frantic or short-lived.A different form of this collectivebehavior is the finan- cial panic,which is typically provoked by rumor that

the price of stockswill fall or that a bank will be unable to repay its depositors .The classicexample,of course, occurred at the outset of the Great Depression in 1929:as in

other forms ofpanic,the individuals involved tried to protect their own interests,and in sodoing they worsened the situation for themselves and everyone else. By tryingto

sell their stocks asquickly as possible,people ensured that the price of stocks did fall;bydemanding their money back from banks,they ensured that the banks actually didcol-

lapse.

Which of thefollowing is NOT TURE according to the passage?

A.All of the panicsare caused by natural reasons.

B. People get intopanic possibly because of the rumor.

C. In 1929,Americansworsened the Great Depression themselves to protect their own inter-ests.

D. Panics oftencause a great loss in economy or human resources.